Neuroanatomy Review
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A short review of neuroanatomy that was created in preparation for the National Boards.
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vascular problems are the root cause of most CNS problems
the brain gets blood from the vertebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries
the Internal Carotid artery (ICA) mostly supplies the supratentorial parts of the brain (a lot of overlap however)
The Vertebral Basilar system mostly supplies the infratentorial parts of the brain
Name the 4 parts of the Internal Carotid System: cervical, petrous, cavernous, cerebral
The Opthalmic branch comes off the cavernous part
the cavernous part is also the part that pierces the dura mater
the cervical part of the ICA gives no branches
the ICA enters the skull through the Carotid Canal
The cerebral portions of the ICA give two branches: ACA and MCA (ant. and med. cerebral arteries)
the ACA supplies the medial side of the hemispheres in the long fissure
the MCA supplies the lateral side of the hemisphere in the lateral fissure
the olivary nucleus lies beneath the ‘olive' of the lateral brainstem
CN XII originates between the ‘olive' and the ‘pyramid'
CN's IV, V, and VI come laterally from behind the pyramid
CN XI has fibers in the first 5 cervical vertebral levels
CN's VI, VII, VIII originate from the Pontomedullary junction
CN VI, and VII have their nucleus in the Pons
CN VIII has it's nucleus in both the Medulla and the Pons.
CN's III, VI and XII all carry what kind of fibers? A: GSE (general somatic efferents)
half of the Tegmentum + 1 Crus Cerebri compose a cerebral peduncle
CN III is contained in the Interpeduncular Fossa, which also contain the Mammilary Bodies
Prosencephalon gives rise to the two lateral ventricles and the 3rd Ventricle
Ependymal cells line the ventricles
Ventricles are composed of: Ant. or Frontal Horns, Body, Trigone/Atrium, Post. Horn, Inf. Horn/Temporal Horn
The Foramen of Monroe carries CSF from the Lateral Ventricles to the 3rd Ventricle
The Choroid Plexus if found in the body, inf. Horn, and trigone of the lat. Ventricles, and it produces CSF
The Caudate Nucleus is ‘C' shaped and runs parallel to the Lateral Ventricle
The 4th ventricle opens to the Cisterna Magna via the 2 Foramens of Von Luscka and the Foramen of Magendi
the Superior Cistern is associated with the Pineal Gland and the Great Vein of Galen
the Lumbar Cistern lies outside of the cranium
Subdural Hematoma is caused by the rupture of the small veins that cross the subdural space, the veins of the brain and dural sinus
The function of the arachnoid villi/granulations is too reabsorb CSF into the venous system
the function of CSF is buoyancy (cushion) of and carry nourishment to the neural tissues
a ventricle is a fluid filled space in the brain, developed from the neural tube
500 to 700 ml of CSF fluid is produced everyday
Total capacity of CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space is roughly 300 ml
The Maxillary Artery (fm ECA) give the Middle Mennigeal branch which enters via the Foramen Spinosum
the tentorial notch of the Tentorium Cerebelli transmits the midbrain
the arachnoid is not vascular
Borders of the Tentorium Cerebelli: ant: Midbrain, lat: petrous ridge, post: Transverse Sinus
The Leptomeninges are composed of the arachnoid and pia
A cistern is an enlargement of subarachnoid space
The largest cistern is known as the Cerebellar-medullary Cistern or by Cisterna Magna
name 5 cisterns: cerebellarmedullary, Chiasmatic, Pontine, Interpeduncular, Superior
the floor of the 4th Ventricle is known as the Rhomboid Fossa
The hypoglossal and vagal trigones are found in the Medulla
the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (SCP) relays information from the cerebellum (Cb) to the midbrain (predominately)
the Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (MCP) relays info from the Pons to the Cb.
the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (ICP) relays info from the medulla to the Cb.
the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of CN X lies beneath the vagal trigone
the dura mater is AKA ‘pachymenix', it originates from mesoderm and has two layers: periosteal and meningeal
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